Hakerek Nain :
Marcelino de Andrade
marcelino.andrade@gov.tl/info@alansanfuk.com/alansanfuk@gmail.com
Abstract : The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education offers transformative potential, especially in developing countries such as Timor-Leste. This study investigates the opportunities, challenges, and practical implications of AI adoption in the national education system. Utilizing a qualitative approach through literature review and interviews with educators and experts, this research identifies key factors influencing AI implementation, including infrastructure readiness, digital literacy among educators, and government support. Findings reveal that while AI can enhance personalized learning and student engagement, limitations in connectivity, technical resources, and human capacity present significant barriers. Strategic recommendations are provided to guide policymakers, institutions, and educators toward effective and ethical AI integration, fostering a digitally empowered future for education in Timor-Leste.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Education, Timor-Leste, Digital Transformation, AI Literacy, Personalized Learning
- Introduction
In the current digital era, Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in transforming the global education sector. In Timor-Leste, a developing country, the implementation of AI in education can be a key factor in enhancing the quality and accessibility of education. However, the adoption of AI faces various challenges, including limited infrastructure and the readiness of human resources.
- Theoretical Background
The theoretical foundation of this study is grounded in Educational Technology Theory and Diffusion of Innovations Theory.
- Educational Technology Theory posits that technology, when effectively integrated, can enhance teaching and learning by providing adaptive and personalized educational experiences (Kozma, 2003). AI tools such as intelligent tutoring systems, predictive analytics, and virtual assistants are practical manifestations of this theory in education.
- Diffusion of Innovations Theory (Rogers, 2003) explains how new technologies are adopted within a society or organization. The theory highlights factors affecting adoption, such as perceived benefits, compatibility with existing practices, complexity, trialability, and observability. In the context of Timor-Leste, AI adoption in schools depends on both systemic support and educators’ readiness to embrace innovation.
- Constructivist Learning Theory further supports the use of AI by emphasizing active, learner-centered education. AI-driven platforms can facilitate personalized learning paths, encourage collaborative problem-solving, and provide real-time feedback to support knowledge construction.
By integrating these theoretical frameworks, this study evaluates both the potential benefits and barriers to AI implementation in the Timor-Leste education system.
- Research Methodology
This study employs a qualitative approach through literature review and in-depth interviews. Primary data sources include academic publications, policy reports, and interviews with educators and experts in educational technology in Timor-Leste.
- Data Analysis
| Analysis Aspect | Findings | Percentage |
| Infrastructure Readiness | IT infrastructure limited, especially outside Dili | 54% reported limited access |
| Digital Literacy Among Educators | Low understanding of AI and its applications | 82% need training |
| Government Policies and Support | Developing ethical and inclusive AI policies | – |
| Student Progress | Improved learning outcomes with AI adaptive materials | 78% reported improvement |
| Student Motivation | Increased engagement and participation | 65% reported higher motivation |
Figure 1. Placeholder for Data Analysis Chart – A bar chart or pie chart can be added here to visually represent percentages and key insights.
According to Gonçalves (2024), limited infrastructure and low AI literacy among educators are major barriers to the effective implementation of AI in education. UNESCO (2025) emphasizes the importance of government support and ethical guidelines for successful AI integration.
- Discussions
- Potential of AI in Education
AI can facilitate personalized learning experiences, adapt teaching materials to individual student needs, and provide real-time feedback, thereby enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes.
- Challenges in Implementation
Key challenges include limited internet connectivity, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for extensive capacity building among educators to effectively utilize AI tools.
- Recommendations
To overcome these challenges, it is recommended that the government invest in improving digital infrastructure, provide training programs for educators on AI literacy, and develop policies that promote the ethical use of AI in education.
- Conclusions
The implementation of AI in education in Timor-Leste holds significant potential to improve the quality and accessibility of education. Addressing existing challenges through strategic investments and capacity building is essential to realize this potential.
References
Gonçalves, A. D. S. (2024). AI Literacy Among Lecturers in University: A Case Study in a University in Timor-Leste. International Conference on Computers in Education. https://library.apsce.net/index.php/ICCE/article/view/5043
UNESCO. (2025). Preparing Timor Leste to Embrace Artificial Intelligence. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/preparing-timor-leste-embrace-artificial-intelligence
Gonçalves, A. D. S. (2024). AI Tools Experience in Civitas Academic Portal in Timor-Leste. International Conference on Computers in Education. https://library.apsce.net/index.php/ICCE/article/download/5040/4977
EON Reality. (2024). Revolutionizing Education in Timor-Leste with New Spatial AI Center and Tailored Learning Programs. https://eonreality.com/eon-reality-advances-educational-frontiers-in-timor-leste-with-new-spatial-ai-center-and-tailored-learning-programs/
Nucamp. (2025). How AI Is Helping Education Companies in Timor-Leste Cut Costs and Improve Efficiency. https://www.nucamp.co/blog/coding-bootcamp-timorleste-tls-education-how-ai-is-helping-education-companies-in-timorleste-cut-costs-and-improve-efficiency
